Ovarian cyst surgery is a medical procedure performed to remove cysts from one or both ovaries. Ovarian cysts are fluid-filled sacs that can develop on or within the ovaries. While many cysts are harmless and resolve on their own, some may require surgical intervention due to their size, persistence, or the presence of symptoms.

Types of Ovarian Cysts

1. Functional cysts: These are the most common type and often develop during the menstrual cycle. They usually resolve on their own.

2. Dermoid cysts: Contain different types of tissues such as hair, skin, or teeth.

3. Cystadenomas: Develop on the surface of the ovary and can be filled with a watery or mucous substance.

4. Endometriomas: Result from endometriosis, where uterine lining tissue grows outside the uterus and attaches to the ovary.

5. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): Multiple small cysts form due to hormonal imbalances.

Indications for Surgery

Surgery may be recommended if the cyst:

• Is large (typically over 5 cm)

• Causes pain or other symptoms

• Does not resolve on its own over several menstrual cycles

• Is suspected to be cancerous or has unusual characteristics on imaging

• Has ruptured or caused internal bleeding

• Is twisting the ovary (ovarian torsion), which can cut off blood supply

Types of Surgery

1. Laparoscopy: Minimally invasive surgery using small incisions and a camera. Preferred for smaller cysts.

   • Benefits: Less pain, shorter recovery time, smaller scars.

   • Procedure: The surgeon makes a small incision near the navel and inserts a laparoscope to view and remove the cyst.

2. Laparotomy: Open surgery with a larger abdominal incision. Required for larger or potentially malignant cysts.

   • Benefits: Better access to larger or complex cysts.

   • Procedure: The surgeon makes a larger incision in the abdomen to remove the cyst. This method allows for a thorough examination of the abdominal cavity.

Recovery

• Laparoscopy: Recovery time is generally shorter, with most patients resuming normal activities within 1-2 weeks.

• Laparotomy: Recovery can take 4-6 weeks due to the larger incision and more extensive surgery.

Risks and Complications

• Infection

• Bleeding

• Damage to surrounding organs

• Ovarian failure or reduced fertility, especially if the ovary is removed

• Adhesion formation (scar tissue that can cause organs to stick together)

Post-Surgery Care

• Follow-up visits to monitor healing and ensure no complications.

• Pain management, typically with prescribed painkillers.

• Avoiding strenuous activities and heavy lifting for the recommended period.

• Watching for signs of infection such as fever, increased pain, or unusual discharge from the incision site.

Conclusion

Ovarian cyst surgery is generally safe and effective, with the choice of procedure depending on the cyst’s characteristics and the patient’s overall health. Consulting with a gynecologist or a specialist in reproductive health can help determine the best approach based on individual circumstances.